€ àààààààà****************************************************àààààààààà àààààààà**àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà**àààààààààà àààààààà**àààààÐRINTERàÏRIENTEDàÄESCRIPTIVEàÓTATTISTICSààà**àààààààààà àààààààà**àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà**àààààààààà àààààààà****************************************************àààààààààà ×RITTEN BY ÁDAM ÈERST ÔORONTO, ÏNTARIO (C) 1985 * ÔÈÅàÁÕÔÈÏÒàÒÅÓÅÒÖÅÓ ÁÌÌ ÃÏÍÍÅÒÃÉÁÌàÒÉÇÈÔÓ * Ï.Ë. ÔÏàÃÏÐÙàÂÕÔàÎÏÔàÔÏàÓÅÌÌàÆÏÒàÐÒÏÆÉÔ ÐÏÄÓ BY ÁÄÁÍ ÈÅÒÓÔ ÊULY 20 1985 ÐAGE.....1 ÉÎÔÒÏÄÕÃÔÉÏÎ ÐÏÄÓ (ÐRINTER ÏRIENTED ÄESCRIPTIVE ÓTATISTICS) ALLOWS YOU TO VISUALLY EVALUATE NUMERIC DATA. Á VERS ATILE PROGRAM ÐÏÄÓ LETS YOU GROUP AND ORGANIZE YOUR DATA BY UP TO FIVE VARIABLES IN A FULLY-CROSSED MATRIX PATTERN AND ALLOWS COMPARISONS BASED ON ANY COMBINATION OF THESE VARIABLES. ÅVALUATIONS AND COMPARISONS CAN BE MADE ON THE BASIS OF HARDCOPY MEAN, VARIANCE, AND STANDARD DEVIATION TABLES AS WELL AS BARGRAPHS AND FREQUENCY HISTOGRAMS. ÔHIS INSTRUCTION GUIDE FOLLOWS THE MENU STRUCURE OF ÐÏÄÓ AND EXPLAINS ITS USE STEP BY STEP. Á DETAILED EXAMPLE IS INCLUDED TO ILLUSTRATE EACH STEP. ÐÒÅÌÉÍÉÎÁÒÙàÄÁÔÁàÏÒÇÁÎÉÚÁÔÉÏÎ ÄATA MUST BE ENTERED INTO ÐÏÄÓ ORGANIZED BY VARIABLE AND LEVEL INTO CELLS. ÄATA MUST BE ORGANIZED BY VARIABLES (ÐÏÄÓ WILL RECOGNIZE AS MANY AS FIVE VARIABLES). Á VARIABLE CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS THE FEATURE OF THE INFORMATION PROVIDED BY THE DATA WHICH IS OF CURRENT INTEREST. ÔHE NUMBER OF LEVELS INDICATES THE NUMBER OF ALTERNATIVES WITHIN THE VARIABLE. ÄATA CAN BE INDEXED BY UP TO FIVE VARIABLES. ÔHERE IS NO LIMIT ON THE NUMBER OF LEVELS WITHIN A VARIABLE NOR ON THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES WITHIN A CELL. ÃELLS CAN BE CONSTRUCTED BY CREATING A FULLY-CROSSED, HIERARCHICAL TREE OF THE LEVELS WITHIN A VARIABLE. ÃONSEQUENTLY THE TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS WILL BE EQUAL TO THE PROD UCT OF THE NUMBER OF LEVELS OF EACH VARIABLE. ÉT IS THE ORGANIZATION OF THE DATA INTO A FULLY-CROSSED, HIERARCHICAL TREE WHICH ALLOWS YOU TO DIRECT ÐÏÄÓ TO 'SEE ' YOUR DATA IN THE VARIOUS POSSIBLE GROUPINGS. ÅØÁÍÐÌÅ: FOR ANEVALUATION OF PAY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN THE VARIABLE 'SEX-TYPE' WOULD BE THE FEATURE OF INTEREST AND WOULD HAVE TWO LEVELS. ÆOR AN EVALUATION OF MONTHLY SALARIES OVER THE COURSE OF A YEAR 'MONTH' WOULD BE THE FEATURE OF INTEREST AND THIS VARIABLE WOULD HAVE TWELVE LEVELS. ÉN THE FORMER CASE THERE ARE TWO CELLS OF DATA TO COMPARE WHILE IN THE LATTER THERE ARE TWELVE CELLS OF DATA TO COMPARE. ÉF WE WERE TO COMBINE THESE TWO VARIABLES AND ORGANIZE THE DATA ON THE BASIS OF SEX TYPE AND MONTH THEIR WOULD BE TWENTY-FOUR CELLS OF DATA TO COMPARE. ÐÏÄÓ WILL ALLOW YOU TO COMPARE THIS DATA ON THE BASIS OF 'SEX-TYPE', 'MONTH' OR BOTH._2__ÍÁÉ Î ÍÅÎÕ_ ÔHE MAIN ÍÁÉÎàÍÅÎÕ ÔHE MAIN MENU SUMMARIZES THE THREE STAGES INVOLVED IN USING ÐÏÄÓ: DATA ENTRY AND GROUPING, STATISTICAL CALCULATION AND PRINTER GENERATION, AND EXITING THE PROGRAM. ÔHE FIRST STAGE REQUIRES THE GREATEST EFFORT ON YOUR PART. ÐROPER ORGANIZATION OF YOUR DATA IS ESSENTIAL. ÔHE SECOND STAGE LETS ÐÏÄÓ GO TO WORK, ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS ENTER THE OPERATING PARAMETERS WHEN PROMPTED. ÔHE FINAL STAGE LETS YOU EXIT THE PROGRAM WHICH YOU MUST DO BEFORE YOU INPUT SUBSEQUENT DATA SETS. ÐRIOR TO CHOOSING THE 'STATISTICS' OPTION ON THE MAIN MENU, DATA MUST BE ENTERED AND GROUPED VIA THE 'DATA' OPTION. ÐÏÄÓ BY ÁÄÁÍ ÈÅÒÓÔ ÊULY 20 1985 ÐAGE.....2 ÄÁÔÁàÍÅÎÕ ×HEN ENTERING A DATA SET FOR THE FIRST TIME CHOOSE THE 'NEW' OPTION ON THE DATA MENU. ÙOU WILL BE ASKED IN THE FOLLOWING ORDER FOR THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES, THE NAME OF THE VARIABLE S, THE NUMBER OF LEVELS IN EACH OF THE VARIABLES, THE NAME OF THE LEVELS AND THE NUMBER OF DATA VALUES IN EACH CELL. ÄECLARE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LEVELS AND THE MAXIMUM CELL SIZE YOU MIGHT NEED FOR FUTURE DATA ENTRY. ÔREAT THIS EXTRA SPACE AS MISSING DATA. ÆINALLY YOU WILL BE PROMPTED TO ENTER YOUR DATA IN THE APPROPRIATE CELL ORDER. ÍISSING DATA CAN BE HANDLED BY ENTERING AN '*' INSTEAD OF A DATA VALUE. ÍISSING VALUES ARE EXCLUDED FROM SUBSEQUENT CALCULATIONS. ÅØÁÍÐÌÅ: ÌET US USE THE PAY DIFFERENCE EXAMPLE TO ILLUSTRATE THE DATA ENTRY AND GROUPING PROCESS. ÈAVING SELECTED THE 'DATA' OPTION FROM THE MAIN MENU SELECT THE 'NEW' OPTION FROM THE DATA MENU. ×HEN ASKED FOR THE NUMBER OF VARIABLES ENTER '2.' . ×HEN ASKED FOR THE VARIABLE NAMES CALL VARIABLE ONE 'SEX-TYPE' AND VARIABLE TWO 'MONTH'. ×HEN ASKED FOR THE NUMBER OF LEVELS IN THE VARIABLES ENTER '2.' FOR S EX-TYPE AND '12' FOR MONTH. ÅNTER 'MALE', 'FEMALE' FOR THE TWO LEVEL LABELS FOR SEX-TYPE AND 'ÊAN.'.....'ÄEC.' FOR THE TWELVE LEVEL LABELS FOR THE VARIABLE MONTH. ÅNTER '5' FOR THE NUMBER OF DATA POINTS PER CELL (AN ARBITRARY CHOICE) AS WE WILL EVALUATE PAY RATES FOR FIVE MEN AND FIVE WOMEN OVER THE COURSE OF TWELVE MONTHS. ÔHIS ORGANIZATION RESULTS IN A TOTAL OF TWENTY FOUR CELLS OF DATA. ÆOR SIMPLICITY AND CLARITY WE WILL ASSUME THAT EACH CELL MEMBER EARNS THE CELL NUMBER EACH MONTH. ÃONSEQUENTLY ENTER FIVE 1'S INTO CELL ONE, FIVE 2'S INTO CELL TWO ETC. ÏÌÄ ÉF A DATA FILE HAS ALREADY BEEN CREATED CHOOSE OLD ON THE MENU. ÙOU WILL BE PROMPTED FOR THE INPUT DEVICE AND THE FILE NAME. ÃÈÁÎÇÅ ÄATA AND LABELS CAN BE REWIEWED, UPDATED AND CORRECTED BY SELECTING THE CHANGE OPTION. ÓE LECT THE INFORMATION TYPE TO BE REVIEWED, EITHER DATA VALUES OR VARIABLE AND LEVEL LABELS. ÉF DATA IS SELECTED FOR CHANGE INDICATE THE RANGE OF CELLS TO BE EDITED. ÄATA CAN ALSO BE EDITED SINGLY OR CONTINUOUSLY. ÃONTINUOUS EDITING ALLOWS FOR THE MASS REPLACEMENT OF DATA BY REMOVING SOME EXTRANEOUS PROMPTS. ×HEN CONTINUOS EDITING IS CHOOSEN THE SEQUENCE CAN BE STOPPED BY ENTERING 'S' AT ANY POINT IN THE ENTRY SEQUENCE._ÓÁÖÅ_ ÓÁÖÅ ÃORRECTED DATA AND LABELS CAN BE SAVED INTO A SEQUENTIAL FILE USING THE SAVE OPTION. ÄATA IS WRITTEN TO THE FILE IN THE SAME ORDER IN WHICH IT WAS ENTERED USING THE 'NEW' OPTION. ÐÏÄÓ BY ÁÄÁÍ ÈÅÒÓÔ ÊULY 20 1985 ÐAGE.....3 ÇÒÏÕÐÉÎÇ ÏNCE YOUR DATA HAS BEEN ENTERED THROUGH EITHER THE 'NEW' OR 'OLD' OPTIONS AND BEFORE YOU MOVE ON TO THE 'STATISTICS' MENU, YOUR DATA MUST BE GROUPED SO THAT ÐÏÄÓ WILL KNOW HOW TO 'SEE' IT. ÄATA CAN BE GROUPED IN ANY COMBINATION AND IN ANY ORDER OF THE VARIABLES . ÁFTER CHOOSING THE 'GROUP' OPTION YOU WILL BE SHOWN YOUR VARIABLES AND THEIR ORDER. ÙOU WILL BE PROMPTED TO SELECT THE VARIABLES BY WHICH THE DATA IS TO BE GROUPED AND THE ORDER IN WHICH IT IS TO BE GROUPED. ÅNTER THE VARIABLE NUMBER FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD. ÉNDICATE THE END OF CHOOSING BY ENTERING '0.' AT THE PROMPT. ÅØÁÍÐÌÅ: ÉN OUR EXAMPLE THE DATA COULD BE GROUPED BY THE VARIABLES SEX-TYPE, MONTH OR BY BOTH. ÔO ORGANIZE IT BY VARIABLE ONE, SEX-TYPE, INPUT '1.' THEN INPUT '0.' TO SIGNAL THE END OF THE KEYING PROCESS. ÉNPUT A '2.' AND A '0.' IF THE DATA IS TO BE ORGANIZED BY VARIABLE TWO, MONTH. ÃONSIDER WHAT WE ARE TELLING ÐÏÄÓ AT THIS POINT. ×E ARE INDICATING THAT WE WANT OUR TWENTY-FOUR CELLS OF DATA TO BE TREATED AS TWO GROUPS IN THE CASE OF ORGANIZATION BY VARIABLE ONE, SEX- TYPE, OR AS TWELVE GROUPS IN THE CASE OF VARIABLE TWO, MONTH. ÉF WE ORGANIZED THE DATA ON THE BASIS OF BOTH VARIABLES (BY INPUTTING '1.' THEN '2.' THEN '0.' ) WE WOULD BE INDICATING THAT EACH CELL SHOULD BE TREATED AS A GROUP. (×E COULD HAVE INDICATED THE SAMETHING BUT WITH DIFFERENT RESULTS IF WE HAD INPUTTED '2.' THEN '1.' THEN '0.'). ÏNCE YOU HAVE SELECTED THE VARIABLES TO BE RELEVANT YOU HAVE TO TELL ÐÏÄÓ WHICH CELLS ARE RELEVANT AND IN WHAT ORDER. ÙOU WILL BE PROMPTED TO ENTER THE CELLS IN EACH GROUP WITH THE RULES BY WHICH TO ENTER THEM. ÃELLS SHOULD BE GROUPED BY VARIABLE AND LEVEL PRIMACY. ÅØÁÍÐÌÅ: ÉF WE HAVE INDICATED A VARIABLE ONE (SEX-TYPE) ORGANIZATION THEN GROUP 1 WILL CONSIST OF CELLS 1 THROUGH 12, ALL THOSE CELLS FALLING UNDER VARIABLE ONE, LEVEL ONE ('MALE '). ÇROUP 2 WILL CONSIST OF CELLS 13 THROUGH 24, ALL THOSE CELLS WHICH FALL UNDER VARIABLE ONE, LEVEL TWO ('FEMALE'). ÉF WE HAVE INDICATED A VARIABLE TWO (MONTH ) ORGANIZATION THEN TWELVE GROUPS IN THE FOLLOWING PATTERN WOULD BE REQUIRED: GROUP 1: 1,13 GROUP 2: 2,14 ETC. GROUP 12: 12,24 ÔO END THE GROUPING PROCESS ENTER A '0.' ( NOTE THE PERIOD). _ ÉF A VARIABLE ONE AND VARIABLE TWO ORGANIZATION HAD BEEN INDICATED THEN THE VARIABLE ORDER BECOMES RELEVANT TO THE CELL GROUPING ORDER. ÃELLS MUST BE GROUPED BY VARIABLE AND LEVEL PRIMACY. ÉF THE DATA IS ORGANIZED BY VARIABLE ONE AND THEN BY VARIABLE TWO THEN GROUP 1 WOULD CONSIST OF CELL 1, GROUP TWO OF CELL 2 ETC. ÉF THE ORGANIZATION HAD BEEN ON THE BASIS OF VARIABLE TWO AND THEN VARIABLE ONE, THEN GROUP 1 WOULD CONSIST OF CELL 1, GROUP 2 OF CELL 13, GROUP 3 OF CELL 2, GROUP 4 OF CELL 14 ETC. ÐÏÄÓ BY ÁÄÁÍ ÈÅÒÓÔ ÊULY 20 1985 ÐAGE.....4 ÉF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE IN THE GROUPING PROCEDURE ENTER '0.' TO END AND THEN CHOOSE THE 'GROUP' OPTION TO REGROUP YOUR DATA CORRECTLY. Á GIVEN DATA SET CAN BE GROUPED AN UNLIMITED NUMBER OF TIMES. ÁFTER THE GROUPING PROCESS IS COMPLETE RETURN TO THE 'MAIN' MENU AND THEN PROCEED TO THE 'STATISTICS' MENU. ÓÔÁÔÉÓÔÉÃÓ ÔHERE ARE THREE OPTIONS CURRENTLY OFFERED BY THE ÐÏÄÓ STATISTICS MENU: ÄESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: ÔHIS IS THE ONLY OPTION THAT PROVIDES OUTPUT TO THE SCREEN AS WELL AS TO THE PRINTER. Á TABLE CONTAINING THE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS, TOTALS, VARIANCES AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS IS GENERATED ON THE PRINTER._ÆREQUENCY HISTOGRAM: ÇENERATES A ÆREQUENCY HISTOGRAM: ÇENERATES A FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM ON THE PRINTER. ÔHIS IS A VISUAL REPRESENTATION OF DISPERSION CORRESPONDING TO THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION STATISTICS. ÙOU CAN SELECT THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM VALUES AND THE NUMBER OF INTERVALS ( UP TO A MAXIMUM OF 20) ON THE GRAPH. ÂARGRAPH: ÇENERATES A BAR GRAPH ON THE PRINTER. ÔHIS IS A VISUAL REPRESENT ATION OF CENTRAL TENDENCY CORRESPONDING TO THE MEAN STATISTIC. ÙOU CAN SELECT THE MAXIMUM VALUE ONLY. ÎEGATIVE NUMBERS ARE PRESENTED NUMERICALLY BUT NOT GRAPHICALLY. ÅØÉÔ ÁFTER COMPLETING THE DESIRED ANALYSIS RETURN TO THE MAIN MENU. ÉF AN ANALYSIS BASED ON A DIFFERENT GROUPING IS DESIRED REGROUP YOUR DATA BY CHOOSING THE GROUP OPTION ON THE DATA MENU. ÉF AN ANALYSIS OF A NEW SET OF DATA IS REQUIRED OR IF YOU HAVE FINISHED WITH THE PROGRAM CHOOSE THE EXIT OPTION ON THE MAIN MENU. ÙOU MUST EXIT THE PROGRAM BEFORE A NEW DATA SET IS ENTERED.